Table Of Contents Preface Acknowledgements Foreword 1 The Internet, Email, Ebusiness and the Worldwide Web (www) 1.1 In the beginning---ARPANET 1.2 The emergence of layered protocols for data communication 1.3 SNA (systems network architecture) 1.4 DECnet 1.5 Other mainframe computer manufacturers 1.6 X.25 (ITU-T recommendation X.25) 1.7 DTE (data terminal equipment), DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment), line interfaces and protocols 1.8 UNI (user-network interface), NNI (network-network interface) and INI (inter-network interface) 1.9 Open systems interconnection (OSI) 1.10 EDI (electronic data interchange) 1.11 CompuServe, prestel, minitel, BTx (Bildschirmtext) and teletex 1.12 The role of UNIX in the development of the Internet 1.13 The appearance of the PC (personal computer) 1.14 Local area networks (LANs) 1.15 LAN servers, bridges, gateways and routers 1.16 Why did IP win through as the standard for `open' communication? 1.17 The development and documentation of IP (Internet protocol) and the Internet 1.18 Electronic mail and the domain name system (DNS) 1.19 html, WindowsNT and the Worldwide Web 1.20 Internet addresses and domain names 1.21 What are ISPs (Internet service providers) and IAPs (Internet access providers)? 1.22 The emergence of ebusiness 2 Fundamentals of Data Communication and Packet Switching 2.1 The binary code 2.2 Electrical or optical representation and storage of binary code numbers 2.3 Using the binary code to represent textual information 2.4 ASCII (American standard code for information interchange) 2.5 EBCDIC and extended forms of ASCII 2.6 Use of the binary code to convey graphical images 2.7 Decoding binary messages---the need for synchronisation and for avoiding errors 2.8 Digital transmission 2.9 Modulation of digital information over analogue media using a modem 2.10 Detection and demodulation---errors and eye patterns 2.11 Reducing errors---regeneration, error detection and correction 2.12 Synchronisation 2.13 Packet switching, protocols and statistical multiplexing 2.14 Symmetrical and asymmetrical communication: full duplex and all that! 2.15 Serial and parallel communication 2.16 The problem of long lines---the need to observe the maximum line length 3 Basic Data Networks and Protocols 3.1 The basic components of a data network 3.2 Layer 1---physical layer interface: DTE/DCE, line interfaces and protocols 3.3 Layer 2---data link layer 3.4 Layer 3---network layer and network layer addresses 3.5 Layer 4---transport layer protocol 3.6 Layers 5---7---higher layer protocols 3.7 Protocol stacks and nested protocol control information (PCI) 3.8 Real networks and protocol stack representations 3.9 Protocol encapsulation 3.10 Control and management protocols 3.11 Propagation effects affecting protocol choice and network design and operation 4 Local Area Networks (LANs) 4.1 The different LAN topologies and standards 4.2 Ethernet (CSMA/CD; IEEE 802.3) 4.3 Ethernet LAN standards (IEEE 802.3 and 802.2) 4.4 Ethernet LAN datalink layer protocols---LLC and MAC 4.5 Ethernet physical layer---basic functions of the physical layer signalling (PLS) 4.6 Ethernet hubs (half duplex repeaters) 4.7 Alternative physical layers---ethernet, fast ethernet and gigabit ethernet 4.8 LAN segments and repeaters---extending the size of a single collision domain 4.9 LAN switches---extending coverage and managing traffic in LAN networks 4.10 Other types of LAN (token ring and token bus) 4.11 LAN operating software and LAN servers 4.12 Interconnection of LANs---bridges, switches, VLANs, routers and gateways 5 WANs, Routers and the Internet Protocol (IP) 5.1 WANs (wide area networks), routers, Internet protocol (IP) and IP addresses 5.2 Main functions of routers 5.3 Unicast, broadcast, multicast and anycast forwarding 5.4 Routing table format---static and dynamic routing 5.5 Routing table conventions 5.6 Simple IP routing control mechanisms: Time-to-live (ttl) and hop limit fields 5.7 Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) 5.8 ICMP (Internet control message protocol) 5.9 Internet addressing (IPv4) 5.10 Differentiated services (Diffserv and DS field) 5.11 Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) 5.12 ICMP for IPv6 5.13 IPv6 addressing 5.14 Multicasting 6 Routing Tables and Protocols 6.1 Routing tables: static and dynamic routing---a recap 6.2 Choosing the best route by comparing the routing distance or $cost$ of the alternatives 6.3 Storage, updating and recalculation of the routing table and routing database 6.4 The accuracy and stability of routing tables 6.5 Representation of destinations in a routing table 6.6 Routing protocols and their associated algorithms and metrics 6.7 Distributing routing information around an internetwork 6.8 Distance vector and link state protocol routing methodologies 6.9 Initiating router protocols: neighbour discovery and the hello procedure 6.10 Routing protocols and their relationship with the internet protocol (IP) 6.11 The different internetwork routing protocols---when to use them 6.12 RIP (routing information protocol) 6.13 OSPF (open shortest path first) 6.14 BGP4 (border gateway protocol version 4) 6.15 Problems associated with routing in source and destination local networks 6.16 Routing management issues 7 Transport Services and Protocols 7.1 Transport services and end-to-end communication between hosts 7.2 User datagram protocol (UDP) 7.3 Transmission control protocol (TCP) 7.4 Resource reservation protocol (RSVP) 7.5 MPLS (multiprotocol label switching) 8 IP Networks in Practice: Components, Backbone and Access 8.1 The components and hierarchy of an IP-based data network 8.2 The Internet, intranets, extranets and VPN 8.3 Network technologies typically used in IP-backbone networks 8.4 Access network technologies 8.5 Link establishment and control 8.6 Wireless technologies for Internet access 8.7 Host functionality and software for communication via IP 9 Managing the Network 9.1 Managing and configuring via the console port 9.2 Basic network management: alarms, commands, polling, events and traps 9.3 Management information base (MIB) and managed objects (MOs) 9.4 Structure of management information (SMIv1 and SMIv2) 9.5 Management information base-2 (mib-2 or MIB-II) 9.6 Remote network monitoring (RMON) 9.7 MIB for Internet protocol version 6 (ipv6MIB) 9.8 Simple network management protocol (SNMP) 9.9 The ISO management model: FCAPS, TMN, and CMIP/CMISE 9.10 Tools for network management 10 Data Networking and Internet Applications 10.1 Computer applications and data networks: application layer protocols 10.2 Telnet 10.3 FTP (file transfer protocol) 10.4 TFTP (trivial file transfer protocol) 10.5 Secure shell program and protocol (SSH or SECSH) 10.6 RTP/RTPC: real time signal carriage over IP networks 10.7 Applications, protocols and real networks 10.8 Other network/application protocols of note 11 The Worldwide Web (www) 11.1 The emergence of the Worldwide Web (www) 11.2 Domain name system (DNS) 11.3 Internet cache protocol (ICP) 11.4 WINS; Windows2000 ADS; Novell NDS 11.5 Hypertext transfer protocol (http) 11.6 Hypertext markup language (html) 11.7 Web browsers 11.8 Web-based applications 12 Electronic Mail (email) 12.1 A typical electronic mail 12.2 The benefits of electronic mail (email) 12.3 The principles of the Internet mail transfer system (MTS) 12.4 Operation of the Internet mail system 12.5 The Internet message format 12.6 Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) 12.7 Internet mail access protocol (IMAP4) 12.8 The post office protocol version 3 (POP3) 13 Data Network Security 13.1 The trade-off between confidentiality and interconnectivity 13.2 Data network protection: the main types of threat and counter-measure 13.3 Destination access control methods 13.4 Firewalls 13.5 Path protection 13.6 Network entry or access control 13.7 Encryption 13.8 Application layer interface for security protocols 13.9 Other risks and threats to data security and reliable network operations 14 Quality of Service (QOS), Network Performance and Optimisation 14.1 Framework for network performance management 14.2 Quality of service (QOS) and network performance (NP) 14.3 Quality of service (QOS), type of service (TOS) and class of service (COS) 14.4 Data network traffic theory: Dimensioning data networks 14.5 Application design factors affecting quality of service 14.6 Network design for efficient, reliable and robust networks 14.7 Network operations and performance monitoring 14.8 Network management, back-up and restoration 14.9 Performance optimisation in practice 15 Challenges Ahead for IP 15.1 Financing the network 15.2 Network architecture, interconnection and peering 15.3 Quality of service (QOS) and network performance (NP) 15.4 Scaling and adapting the network for higher speeds and real-time applications 15.5 Network management Appendix 10 Appendix 1 Protocol Addresses, Port Numbers, Service Access Point Identifiers (SAPIs) and Common Presentation Formats Appendix 2 Internet Top-Level Domains (TLDs) and Generic Domains Appendix 3 Internet Country Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLDs---ISO 3166-1) Appendix 4 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request for Comment (RFC) Listing Appendix 5 IEEE 802 Standards for LANs and MANs Appendix 6 IEEE 802.11: Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) Appendix 7 Interfaces, Cables, Connectors and Pin-outs Appendix 8 X.25 Packet Switching (ITU-T Recommendation X.25) Appendix 9 Frame Relay Appendix 10 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Glossary of Selected Terms Abbreviations and Standards Quick-Reference Bibliography Index